Physical Properties

• ◉  Ash (dry basis, %) - 3 - 6
• ◉  Moisture Below 20%
• ◉  Water Holding capacity (of dry weight) - 8 - 9 times
• ◉  Air filled porosity (V/V, %) - 10 - 12
• ◉  Total pore space (V/V, %) - 94 - 96 Appearance - Earthen granular and some short fibres
• ◉  Colour - Light to dark brown

Chemical Properties

• ◉  pH - 5.4 - 6.8
• ◉  Ash (dry basis, %) - 3 - 6
• ◉  Electrical Conductivity Below 0.500 mS/cm (1:1.5 Volume extraction method
• ◉  Cationic exchange capacity (meq/1 OOg) - 60 - 130 Total Organic matter (W/W, dry basis, %) - 94 - 98
• ◉  Organic carbon (W/W, dry basis, %) - 45 - 50
• ◉  Lignin (W/W, dry basis, %) - 65 - 70
• ◉  Cellulose (W/W, dry basis %) - 20 - 30
• ◉  Carbon : Nitrogen ratio - 80 : 1